Patrick,+Max,+Todd

HEY GUYS, SORRY IT TOOK ME SO LONG TO GET TO COMMENTING ON YOURS THIS CYCLE. I KNOW YOUR PAPER IS DUE LATER TODAY BUT IF YOU WANT TO MAKE CHANGES BASED ON MY COMMENTS I WILL ACCEPT YOUR DRAFT UNTIL TUESDAY SINCE IT WAS MY BAD FOR NOT GETTING YOU MY COMMENTS UNTIL TODAY. THAT SAID, I AM CONCERNED THAT YOU HAVE NOT REALLY ATTEMPTED TO USE THE RESOURCES THAT HAVE BEEN PROVIDED TO YOU IN TERMS OF OUTLINING THE STYLE AND FORMATTING GUIDELINES YOU ARE SUPPOSED TO BE FOLLOWING. PLEASE USE THE PEER EDITTING CHECKLISTS AND THE RUBRICS TO CAREFULLY EVALUATE YOUR OWN WORK, IT DOES NOT MEET EXPECTATIONS FOR QUALITY RIGHT NOW. THE EXPERIMENT ITSELF IS REALLY GREAT, YOUR DATA AND GRAPHS ARE ALMOST THERE BUT YOUR SCIENCE WRITING, ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH IS NOT SO GREAT. **Patrick McNamara, Max Hermacinski, and Todd Westerman** __**Title** __

The Effect of co2 levels, albedo effect, vegetation amount, and presence of a body of water on Temperature inside a closed Greenhouse Environment

__**Introduction** __

There are several factors that influence the temperature of the environment. The environment's temperature is completely changed by the greenhouse affect. The greenhouse affect allows the earth to retain its heat because UV rays are radiated from the sun and the ground absorbs this radiation and re-radiates it in the form of infrared radiation. Greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere such as Co2 and water vapor take in this infrared radiation for a period of time therefore slowing the radiation from leaving the atmosphere. Since the radiation its being held in earth's atmosphere for longer it therefore warms the earth in the process. (3) Factors of the earth's temperature include the albedo effect, bodies of water, amount of Co2, amount of vegetation/life among many others. (1) This IRP will be testing these variables and discovering how they affect the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere. The results from this experiment could be useful for environmentalists because they could see how different factors affect the environment. Some variables that are being held constant in this experiment because they might have an affect on the results are: size, location and materials of each greenhouse. The albedo affect is when radiation emitted from the sun hits ice on earth and is immediately reflected back out of the atmosphere without being absorbed by any greenhouse gases(1). The more ice, or more albedo there is, the cooler the earth's temperature will be because the earth is not absorbing as much heat (2). **T****he white colored greenhouse (simulating the albedo affect) will be cooler than the darker colored greenhouse (2).** Additionally, greenhouse gasses such as Co2 absorb radiation emitted from earth in the form of infrared radiation(1). The gasses absorb this heat and release it later. (3) This process slows the heat from leaving the atmosphere and therefore warms the atmosphere and increases the earth’s ability to retain heat(3). **The greenhouse with added Co2 in it will be warmer than the greenhouse with no added Co2.** Bodies of water take longer to be heated up than air but, also retain their heat for longer than the atmosphere. (2,4) Once the bodies of water are heated up, they heat release heat therefore warming up the surrounding air especially at night and during the winter when the water much warmer than the air. **The greenhouse that contains the pool of water will be warmer than the greenhouse without the body of water (2).** Vegetation such as trees, grass, plants, etc. take Co2 out of the air and produce oxygen (2). As more Co2 is taken out of the atmosphere by plants, a lesser amount of heat will be absorbed by this greenhouse gas. The plant life will take in the Co2 and put out oxygen, the lower amounts of Co2 will mean less infrared radiation will be absorbed and in turn will keep the temperature inside the greenhouse cooler. This variable will investigate to see if a greenhouse with no vegetation stays warmer than a greenhouse filled with a lot of vegetation. **T****he greenhouse with the vegetation will be cooler than the greenhouse without the vegetation.**

OVERALL THIS INTRODUCTION STILL NEEDS A LOT OF WORK, NOT JUST IN FORMATTING BUT MANY OF YOUR SCIENCE FACTS THAT YOU USE TO CRAFT YOUR HYPOTHESIS ARE PARTIAL TRUTHS/SHOW INCOMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF THE TOPICS. I HAVE TO WONDER HOW CAREFULLY YOU DID YOUR RESEARCH VS. RELYING ON YOUR MEMORY OF OUR DISCUSSIONS AND CLASS NOTES ON THESE TOPICS FROM EARLIER IN THIS YEAR.

T his section states the overall purpose and hypothesis of this
experiment. Background information is used to carefully explain this hypothesis and provide the reader with a foundation to understand the experiment.

-Provides important scientific background information on the topic including important terms, variables that -might impact results and should therefore be held constant or accounted for in analysis, information about how to interpret results (such as what is “normal” or “hazardous”) -Most importantly, the information in the introduction leads to the reader agreeing that the hypothesis is logical and well supported by research into the behavior of the thing being investigated) -Communicates the anticipated results (hypothesis), often at end but if it is multiple it might fit better in pieces  at the end of each paragraph  -Hypothesis statement should be in bold and should be specific and measurable. It should be about the  relationship between the independent and the dependent variable in your experiminet.  -Cut out any repetitive or unnecessary information. Make sure the introduction flows logically.

__**Materials and Methods** __

1. Make homemade greenhouses using wood and plexi glass, to allow sun in, see picture below. (figure 1) 2. Make air-tight by sealing with duct tape so no gases such as co2 get out during experimentation 3. Each week a different variable will be tested for two hours, recording data every 15 minutes.

Figure 1: This is the homemade greenhouse, there are three other ones, so four in total. It has a base of wood, three sides of wood, a side of clear plexi glass, and then a plexi glass top allowing sunlight in and it is hinged so it can be opened it.

**__co2 Levels__** 1. Release the Co2 (16 grams) from its canister into the greenhouse. 2. Seal the greenhouse with duct tape. 3.Record the temperature from a thermometer thats inside the sealed greenhouse every 15 minutes for two hours <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. Compare the temperatures to another green house with no added Co2. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**__Albedo Effect__** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. Paint the inside of one greenhouse white. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. Paint the inside of another greenhouse black. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. Seal the painted greenhouses and a neutral box with duct tape. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4.Begin to record the temperature from a thermometer that is inside the sealed greenhouses <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">every 15 minutes for 2 hours <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__**Vegetation Amount**__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1.) Put 12 square inches of sod in one greenhouse, then put no vegetation in another greenhouse <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2.) Seal greenhouses with duct tape <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3.) Record the temperature with a thermometer that is <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">inside the sealed greenhouses every 15 minutes for two hours <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">__**Amount of Water**__ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. Fill up a container with water <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. Place the container of water into a greenhouse <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. Seal up this greenhouse with water in it <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. Also seal up another greenhouse with no added water in it 5. Record the temperatures with a thermometer thats inside the sealed greenhouse every 15 minutes for two hours

__<span style="color: #ff0900; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Results** __ YOUR RESULTS SECTION NEEDS A TOTAL OVERHAUL, DID YOU READ THESE GUIDELINES BELOW HIGHLIGHTED IN YELLOW? WHAT DOES IT SAY GOES FIRST? WHAT DOES IT SAY ABOUT DISCUSSING IMPLICATIONS (HYPOTHESIS)?

Albedo and Black Box Test Results (1) (fahrenheit) || Black (fahrenheit) || Neutral (fahrenheit) ||
 * Time (min) || White (Albedo)
 * 12:00 || 72 || 70 || 71 ||
 * 12:15 || 88 || 92 || 90 ||
 * 12:30 || 90 || 100 || 94 ||
 * 12:45 || 91 || 102 || 93 ||
 * 1:00 || 91 || 103 || 93 ||
 * 1:15 || 94 || 109 || 96 ||
 * 1:30 || 96 || 110 || 98 ||
 * 1:45 || 96 || 111 || 97 ||
 * 2:00 || 97 || 112 || 97 ||

Body Of Water Test Results (in fahrenheit) (2)
 * Time || Box with water || Water Temp || Neutral Box Temp. || Air Temp. ||
 * 12:00 || 82 || 63 || 82 || 62 ||
 * 12:15 || 82 || 68 || 80 || 62 ||
 * 12:30 || 82 || 71 || 76 || 58 ||
 * 12:45 || 80 || 72 || 78 || 60 ||
 * 1:00 || 80 || 76 || 78 || 61 ||
 * 1:15 || 84 || 78 || 80 || 62 ||
 * 1:30 || 84 || 80 || 80 || 62 ||
 * 1:45 || 88 || 83 || 85 || 64 ||
 * 2:00 || 88 || 85 || 86 || 64 ||

c02 Test Results (3)
 * Time || Neutral Box Temp. || Box w/Co2 temp. ||
 * 1:15 || 91 || 92 ||
 * 1:30 || 97 || 100 ||
 * 1:45 || 99 || 101 ||
 * 2:00 || 99 || 101 ||
 * 2:15 || 100 || 103 ||
 * 2:30 || 106 || 110 ||
 * 2:45 || 108 || 112 ||
 * 3:00 || 104 || 106 ||
 * 3:15 || 100 || 103 ||

1.)

The first test involved three different colored greenhouses: one black, one white and one unpainted. Throughout the 2 hours of testing, the white box was the coldest, the neutral box was in the middle and the black box was the hottest. The highest temperature the white box was 97 degrees, for the neutral box the highest temperature was 98 degrees, and for the black box the highest temperature was 112 degrees.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">2.)

The body of water, a one liter clear plastic bottle, took longer to warm up than the air but retained its heat better than the air. The box containing the water increased in temperature as the water temperature increased and the box containing water was warmer than the box with no water at all times. The highest temperature the box containing water reached was 88 degrees and the highest temperature the neutral box reached was 86 degrees.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;"> 3.) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">* Between 2:4 <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">5 and 3:15 cloud cover increased and the air temperature decreases resulting in the cooling shown inside the greenhouses at those times. __<span style="color: #ff0900; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**﻿** __

The highest temperature the Co2 box reached 112 degrees, while the box lacking Co2 reached a temperature of 108 degrees. The third experiment was the Co2 test. Both box's temperatures rose and fell at a similar rate (rose at first, plateaued then rose and finally fell), but the box containing the Co2 was always 1-4 degrees warmer.

The last experiment, testing how amount of vegetation would affect temperature, did not support the hypothesis. When the greenhouse had added vegetation, the hypothesis stated it will be cooler because the vegetation would take in c02 and release oxygen. This did not occur in the closed greenhouse environment. The temperatures were similar only varying 1-2 degrees, throughout testing with no significant data to support the hypothesis.

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif;">experiment and what is done with this data. This could include tables , <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif;">graphs, and/or calculations. It should summarize the data from the experiments without discussing the implications or analyzing patterns.

-The first thing in your results section should be your data table (s). Data tables with raw data present and follow the guidelines given for good data tables -Appropriate data analysis present including calculations, graphs and/or charts following guidelines for good graphs and showing the significant patterns in the data with the focus on the pattern indicated in hypothesis.

__<span style="color: #ff0900; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Discussion** __

The first data collection tested how the colors (white, black and neutral, (wood) would affect the temperature inside the greenhouses. The results strongly supported the hypothesis because the white greenhouse was the coolest, the neutral box was in the middle and the black box was the warmest. During the Co2 testing the box containing 16 grams of Co2 was warmer at all recordings. This strongly supports the hypothesis because it was expected that the Co2 would warm the box. (2) The results from the body of water test showed that the box with water retained its heat better than the neutral box. This strongly supports the hypothesis because it was predicted that the body of water would warm the atmosphere. In the data collection comparing a box with vegetation and a box with no vegetation the data was not consistent with the hypothesis. The boxes remained about the same temperature throughout the experiment.

In the test that experimented with the different colors of the boxes, the white box was the coolest because it reflected the UV radiation that was emitted by the sun without absorbing it and therefore was least affected by the sun's rays. The neutral box absorbed some UV radiation that was then re-radiated in the form of infrared radiation but not as much as the black box. The black box absorbed the most UV radiation and therefore re-radiated the most infrared radiation.(1) The greenhouse gasses in the box (mostly Co2 and water vapor) absorbed the infrared radiation re-radiated by the black surface and therefore slowed the heat from leaving the greenhouse. (2) Due to the fact that the heat was kept in the black box the longest it was the warmest. In the experiment to see a body of waters effect on temperature, the results came as expected. The varibles held constant were the two neutral colored greenhouses (wood). In one greenhouse there was a closed container filled with water. The data collected shows that as the air temperature changed, the box with the water in it stayed warmer than the box without the the water. The data collected was influenced by the air temperature falling and rising. The data collected shows that with the lowest temperatures in the boxes being at 12:30, when the air temperature was at it's lowest 58, and the boxes warmest temperatures being at 2:00 when the air was its warmest. This experiment went along with the hypothesis that the greenhouse that has the body of water in it will retain its heat better than a greenhouse lacking the body of water because as water absorbs the shortwave radiation it is stored within it and as time passes that stored heat will reradiate.(4) This reradiated heat will warm up the box in which it is contained, while the box without the body of water will cool down at a faster rate since there is no heat being reradiated inside of it. (4) In the test that viewed added amounts of Co2, the box containing Co2 was warmer. The box containing Co2 was warmer because the Co2 replaced some of the nitrogen and oxygen in the box. Since nitrogen and oxygen are not greenhouse gasses and Co2 is, by adding Co2 there was an increased amount of greenhouse gasses inside the box. (2) The Co2 absorbed the infrared radiation that was re-radiated by the wood surface inside the box and slowed the heat from leaving the box thus warming the air inside the box. (2) In the vegetation test, the data did not support the hypothesis. The box containing the vegetation and the box without vegetation were the same temperature. This was because the vegetation was not in the box for long enough to absorb an amount of Co2 that would affect the temperature. Had the vegetation been in the box for a longer period of time, more Co2 would be taken from the air and therefore less infrared radiation would be absorbed because there was less Co2. Since less infrared radiation would be absorbed, the heat would be able to leave the greenhouse faster consequently making the box with vegetation cooler than the neutral box.

Although the boxes did simulate the environment in some ways, there were still some differences from the earth's actual atmosphere. Also, the experiment was only on a small scale and the factors might have different affects in different parts of the world on a larger scale. The vegetation test did not support the hypothesis. In the vegetation test the neutral box and the box with vegetation in it were roughly the same temperature. This can be explained by the a limited amount of vegetation, this would mean the vegetation would need longer to have a real effect on the temperature inside the box. To improve the experiment, one could leave the vegetation in the box for longer so that more Co2 could be taken from the air therefore decreasing the temperature of the box and proving the hypothesis. Another factor that could have altered the effect of vegetation is in the closed greenhouse is that there was not an abundant source of Co2 for the vegetation to take in and convert into oxygen. The results from the successful tests could be useful for environmentalists trying to deal with global warming. The results from the Co2 test proved that an atmosphere with more Co2 is warmer than one with less. This is important to know because Co2 levels are increasing and if nothing is done about it global warming will continue at a faster rate. The results from the albedo test could be helpful in buying a car because the buyer would know that the darker or closer to black the car and interior are, the more hot the car is going to get when sitting in the sun. The results from the body of water test would be helpful for astronomers because it could help them make predictions knowing that water can retain it's heat better than air. The data collected could help them make predictions about areas near bodies of water because water retains it's heat better than air and therefore areas near bodies of water will generally be warmer than other nearby areas during night or winter.

<span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif;">In this section, the experimenter explains implications of the data and <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif;">analysis presented in the previous section. This will include background <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif;">information to support the hypothesis presented in the introduction.

<span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0pt 0.25in;">-Should begin by describing the major findings/patterns in data relative to the purpose of this experiment (is your hypothesis supported by the <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0pt 0.25in;">data or not?) making sure to reference the graphs in the results section in which this pattern is displayed. Use calculations! <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0pt 0.25in;">-Attempts to explain the significant findings using background information and answer the question; why did this <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0pt 0.25in;">happen?. <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0pt 0.25in;">-Be careful in the degree of certainty you give your explanations and findings (ex. suggests rather than proves). <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0pt 0.25in;">Be aware of systematic or specific errors that affected the overall results of your experiment and explain how/why <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0pt 0.25in;">-Describes any significant use these findings have. Why is this important to know, are your results <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0pt 0.25in;">generalizable? Focus on scientific understanding and/or human impact) for conducting the experiment <span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0pt 0.25in;">-Makes recommendations for further study and improving the experiment.


 * __<span style="color: #ff0900; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Sources __**

1.)"Factors Influencing the Greenhouse Effect." UNEP, Enviormental Knowlege for Change. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 May 2011. <http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/factors_influencing_the_greenhouse_effect>. 2.) Tarbuck, Edward J., and Frederick K. Lutgens. //Earth Science//. N.p.: Prentice Hall, 2009. Print.

3.)"The Greenhouse Effect." Hyperphysics, The Greenhouse Effect. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 May 2011. <http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/grnhse.html 4.)"Land and Water Effect Temperature." Kids For Geography, The Study of Our Earth. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 May 2011. <http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0077-land-and-water-effect-temperature.php>. **General Format Guidelines** -Never use “I” or “we”, you should write in a formal, scientific paragraph (except methods are #’d steps) style, cut out unnecessary or repetitive sentences -There will be 4 clearly labeled sections (Intro, Materials & Methods, Results, Discussion) The heading of each section should be on its own line, in bold. The first line of each paragraph should be indented twice from the heading. - All the rest of the paragraph will be indented once. This makes the heading alone on the left margin. -All pages should be numbered and sections MUST be in the correct order, all data must be after the heading “Results” and before the heading “conclusion” not attached at end. -Double space all except the methods. It is appropriate to single space methods but leave a space after each step. 12 Font. -Spell check, grammar check, typo check and edit for clarity as you would for any formal writing assignment. The final draft shall be free of all such errors.