Christian,+Julian,+Liam

SORRY IT TOOK ME LONGER THAN I THOUGHT TO MAKE COMMENTS, IF YOU WERE UNABLE TO MAKE CHANGES BASED ON MY COMMENTS DUE TO THE SHORT TURN AROUND YOU MAY PASS IN YOUR FINAL PAPER ON TUESDAY FOR NO LATE GRADE PENALTY.
 * Names of group members: Liam, Christian, Julian**
 * Title: **

//**The Effect of Density on the Combustibility and Energy Release of Coal **//

 *  Introduction: **

 Coal is used to create roughly half of the energy used in the United States (4). Coal is a fossil fuel, and is in high demand because of its energy production DO YOU MEAN PRODUCTION OR ENERGY RELEASE? WHAT DO YOU MEAN? (3).In fact,over 2 million acres of mine-land have been reclaimed over the past 25 years for coal mining (2). Coal forms when organic material is buried rapidly, and then subjected to great heat and OR pressure (4). There are 5 different types of coal, which are as followed; peat, brown coal, black coal, anthracite coal, and graphite (4). IS THIS THE RIGHT TIME TO INTRODUCE THE GRADES OF COAL? THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOW IT FORMS AND ITS DENSITY? IS GRAPHITE REALLY CONSIDERED COAL? I HAVE NEVER HEARD THIS BEFORE, IT IS CARBON BASED BUT IS IT REALLY COAL?? Peat is a low-value fuel that is generally only used when no other fuel source is available (4). Brown coal is a drier fuel, and is considerably higher  in energy exertion than peat (4). Black coal is a denser and drier fuel than brown coal, and is valued as a household fuel-source (4). Anthracite coal is a very high  value fuel source and is primarily used for home and other heating (4). Graphite is not used as fuel, because it is difficult to use as fuel (4). I WANT TO POINT OUT THAT YOU ARE TESTING BITUMINOUS COAL VS. PEAT. NOTE THAT YOU HAVE NOWHERE DISCUSSED BITUMINOUS COAL.Coal has played an essential role since the discovery of its usefulness, fueling historical events such as the industrial revolution (3).With the growing population of the US, and other industrial countries, the demand for coal as a cheap, easy and efficient source of power has grown (3). The US is among some of the world leaders in coal production, as well as coal consumption (1). In fact as of 2010, the US produced approximately 55 million tons of coal, and used about 21 million tons (3). This makes the US a leading producer, as well as consumer, of coal. Coal is mined in two different ways; surface mining and underground mining (3). Surface mining is easier,however most of the high-grade coal that our power plants require is underground (4).This is because the more heat and pressure the coal undergoes, the more valuable it becomes, which means that the most valuable coal is often deep underground (2). Each grade of coal is more dense than the grade before it (4) SEEMS LIKE THIS INFO SHOULD BE PUT TOGETHER WITH THE TYPES OF COAL EITHER HERE OR THERE. The higher the burning point of the coal, the higher the density, and the more valuable the sample will be CITE THIS. Because of this knowledge, it is expected that Bituminous coal will be the more efficient WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? WHAT ARE YOU MEASURING? in terms of energy exertion, and that the peat will be the least efficient, and thus HUH???WHERE DOES THIS IMPLY DENSITY? WHAT SCIENCE FACTS IS THIS BASED ON? WHY DOES THE DENSER THE SAMPLE, THE HIGHER THE TEMP IT WILL BURN AT WORK? YOUR RESEARCH JUST SAYS THAT IT IS SO, YOU DON'T HAVE THE SCIENCE FACTS ABOUT IT YET...BEWARE OF CIRCULAR REASONING... the denser the sample of coal, the higher temperature it will burn at. EDIT FOR BASIC RULES OF GOOD WRITING, ESPECIALLY GRAMMAR. EDIT FOR FLOW, NEEDS TO LEAD LOGICALLY AND SUPPORTED BY RESEARCH TO YOUR HYPOTHSIS. HYPOTHESIS NEEDS TO BE CLEARER AND IN BOLD.
 * Materials and Methods: **

THE FORMAT GUIDELINES CALL FOR A LIST OF STEPS. ADDITIONALLY, YOU STILL HAVE A NARRATIVE TO YOUR LAB REPORT, GET RID OF ALL PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND PERSONAL NARRATIVE ELEMENTS. SEE BETSY, ELIZA, AND ELIZABETH'S AS AN EXAMPLE OF PROPER FORMAL LAB WRITING TECHNIQUE. To test the combustibility of the different types of coal we will be using, we have bought samples of bituminous coal and peat. Now that we have obtained the samples, we are going to measure the density of our samples, and ignite them in a safe environment,where we will be able to measure the energy (as temperature). We plan on doing this by using an infrared thermometer, which we plan on buying soon. We choose to use bituminous coal, Char coal, and peat because of their burning points being attainable without a kiln, and are safe to burn in a fire place.

Materials:
Bituminous Coal PeatElectronic Scale Graduated Cylinder Water Calculator Safe burning environment (see below) Infrared thermometer High temperature thermometer Computer

Methods:

 * 1.)** Obtain bituminous coal and peat. GET RID OF STEPS LIKE THIS THAT DO NOT AFFECT THE DATA COLLECTED AND ARE BASIC ENOUGH TO BE ASSUMED.

2.) Set up at fireplace that is away from any combustible materials (Which is at Christian's house) ADD THIS DETAIL TO STEP 3


 * 3.)** have an open fireplace to allowing smoke to escape easily. Have the infrared thermometer pointed directly at the sample. The location will be referred to as the "Ignition Location"


 * 4.)** Find the density of the samples using this process: SHOULDN'T YOU FIND DENSITY BEFORE DOING STEPS 1-3?


 * To Find Mass:**


 * a.)** Mass your object on an electronic scale HOW? WHAT ARE THE STEPS? I KNOW FOR A FACT YOU DID NOT USE AN ELECTRIC SCALE.


 * To Find Volume:**


 * a.)** Fill a graduated cylinder with a known amount of water


 * b.)** Drop the sample of coal into the cylinder

HOW DO YOU CAREFULLY READ A GRADUATED CYLINDER? YOU LEARNED THIS LAST YEAR...
 * c.)** Record the amount of water displaced by your sample
 * To Find Density:**


 * a.)** Divide your mass by your unit of volume

(Repeat this process for all of your coal samples)


 * 4.)** Point infrared thermometer directly at the center of the piece of coal.

5.) Ignite Sample of Coal

6.) Record the temperature YOUR DATA TABLE SAYS YOU ARE MEASURING INFRARED WAVELENGTH NOT TEMP. WHICH IS TRUE? using the infrared thermometer at 5' away FOR HOW LONG? DOES THE TEMP. CHANGE AS THE COAL BEGINS TO BURN?

6.) Repeat this process for 4 samples of bituminous coal, 4 samples of peat, and Char coal IS MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE OF COAL A GOOD MEASURE OF THE COMBUSTIBILITY AND ENERGY RELEASE OF COAL (WHICH IS WHAT YOUR TITLE PURPORTS YOUR DEPENDENT VARIABLES TO BE)

-List the steps followed to complete the investigation in a #’d list, each step having its own #. Write in present tense, command form. -Describe any complicated equipment or set-ups using diagrams, maps and/or photographs, do not add diagrams or pictures unless they are needed. -All steps must be detailed, quantitative if necessary, and in order. Make sure you are specific to what you actually did. Do not say “choose a location” but describe the actual location you chose. -methods are well described and are a good design to test what you wish to test; they limit human and experimental error and are as efficient and quantitiative as possible -Details such as as “bring a pencil for writing down data, or “analyze data” are assumed and not part of the methods. “Take density data” is not specific enough!

NEED TO FOLLOW GUIDELINES ON FORMATTING FOR THIS SECTION, SEE PEER EDIT FORMS.
 * Results **

ALSO, WHERE ARE TEH PEAT SAMPLES?
 * ~ **Type of Coal** ||~ **Mass** ||~ **Volume** ||~ **Density** ||~ **Infred Radiation** ||
 * Bituminous #1 || 21g || 20.5ml || 1.024 || 550.33 ||
 * Bituminous #2 || 10g || 9.3ml || 1.075 || 562.3 ||
 * Bituminous #3 || 9.5g || 8.9ml || 1.067 || 558.6 ||
 * Bituminous #4 || 5.1g || 3ml || 1.7 || 557.31 ||
 * Bituminous Average || 11.4g || 10.425ml || 1.094 || 557.14 ||
 * Char coal #1 || 39.5g || 43ml || .919 || 524.75 ||
 * Char coal #2 || 43.1g || 40ml || 1.078 || 519.25 ||
 * Char coal #3 || 40.6g || 43.9ml || .925 || 504.5 ||
 * Char coal #4 || 46.5 || 45.6ml || .1.01 || 531 ||
 * Char coal Average || 42.425 || 43.125 || ..984 || 519.75 ||

 experiment and what is done with this data. This could include tables,  graphs, and/or calculations. It should summarize the data from the experiments without discussing the implications or analyzing patterns.
 * The Results section shows the data that was collected in an **

-The first thing in your results section should be your data table (s). Data tables with raw data present and follow the guidelines given for good data tables -Appropriate data analysis present including calculations, graphs and/or charts following guidelines for good graphs and showing the significant patterns in the data with the focus on the pattern indicated in hypothesis.

In this section, the experimenter explains implications of the data and <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> analysis presented in the previous section. This will include background <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;"> information to support the hypothesis presented in the introduction.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Discussion **

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;">-Should begin by describing the major findings/patterns in data relative to the purpose of this experiment (is your hypothesis supported by the <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;"> data or not?) making sure to reference the graphs in the results section in which this pattern is displayed. Use calculations! <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;">-Attempts to explain the significant findings using background information and answer the question; why did this <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;"> happen?. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;">-Be careful in the degree of certainty you give your explanations and findings (ex. suggests rather than proves). <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;"> Be aware of systematic or specific errors that affected the overall results of your experiment and explain how/why <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;">-Describes any significant use these findings have. Why is this important to know, are your results <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;"> generalizable? Focus on scientific understanding and/or human impact) for conducting the experiment <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in -40.5pt 0.0001pt 0.25in;">-Makes recommendations for further study and improving the experiment. NEED TO DO FORMAL FORMAT CITATIONS, MLA FORMAT PLEASE. [] (1)
 * Citations:**

[] (2)

http://www.nma.org/statistics/fast_facts.asp (3)

[] (4)

Julian Burns, Christian Freniere, Liam Muir OK, I JUST SPENT A LONG TIME READING THE ABOVE DRAFT AND DID NOT SEE THAT YOU ATTACHED TWO OTHER DRAFTS BELOW HERE. ARGH. I DON'T HAVE TIME TO DEVOTE TO RE-READING ALL THOSE SECTIONS BUT I WILL READ AND COMMENT ON THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IF FOUND BELOW. 5/23/11 Tan

=The Effect of Density on the Energy Release of Coal=

**Introduction** Coal is used to create roughly half of the energy used in the United States (4). Coal is a fossil fuel, and is in high demand because of its energy exertion (3). In fact, over two million acres of mine-land have been reclaimed over the past 25 years for coal mining (2). Coal forms when organic material is buried rapidly, and unable to decompose, thus subjected to great heat and or pressure (4). There are 5 different types of coal, which are as followed; peat, brown coal, black coal, anthracite coal, and graphite (4). Peat is a low-value fuel that is generally only used when no other fuel source is available (4). Brown coal is a drier fuel, and emits more energy than peat (4). Black coal is a denser and drier fuel than brown coal, and is utilized as a household fuel-source (4). Anthracite coal is the 'premium' fuel source and is primarily used for home heating, and electric power plants (4). Graphite is not used as fuel, because it is difficult to burn effectively, rendering it an inefficient fuel source (4). Coal has played an essential role since the discovery of its usefulness, fueling historical events such as the industrial revolution (3).With the growing population of the US, and other industrial countries, the demand for coal as a cheap, easy and efficient source of power has grown (3). The US is among some of the world leaders in coal production, as well as coal consumption (1). In fact as of 2010, the US produced approximately 55 million tons of coal, and used about 21 million tons (3). This makes the US a leading producer, as well as consumer, of coal (3). Coal is mined in two different ways; surface mining and underground mining (3). Surface mining is easier, however most of the high-grade coal that our power plants require is underground (4). This is because the more heat and pressure the coal undergoes, the more valuable it becomes as it accumulates greater combustion efficiency, which means that the most valuable coal is often deep underground (2). Each grade of coal has a greater density than the grade before it (4). The higher the density, the higher the burning point of coal and the more valuable the sample will be. **Because of this knowledge, it is expected that Bituminous coal is the more efficient in terms of energy exertion, and that the charcoal is the less efficient, and thus the denser the sample of coal, the more heat it will exert therefore having a higher temperature.**

SAME INTRO ROUGHLY AS ABOVE, SAME COMMENTS

**Materials** 16 Pieces of Bituminous/Smithing Coal 16 Charcoal Bricks Electronic Scale Graduated Cylinder <span style="font-family: Times-Roman,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 26px;">Bucket of Water Calculator Safe burning environment/Fire Pit Infrared thermometer Computer Equipped with Excel Stopwatch Set of Matches **Methods** **1.)** Find the density of the samples using this process:

//To Find Mass//**:** Mass object on an electronic scale and record. (Grams)

//To Find Volume//**:**

a.) Fill a graduated cylinder with a certain amount of water.

b**.)** Drop the sample of coal into the cylinder.

c**.)** Record the amount of water displaced by your sample. (ml)

//To Find Density//**:** Divide mass by unit of volume using the calculator and repeat process for all coal samples. (g/ml3)

bring to location to burn. Select and set up at a safe burning environment such as a fireplace that is away from any combustible materials (Christian's house)

**2.)** Have an open fireplace to allowing smoke to escape easily, and a bucket of water handy in order to prevent an unwanted fire **3.)** Find the density of the samples using this process:

//To Find Mass//**:** Mass object on an electronic scale and record. (Grams) //To Find Volume//**:** a.) Fill a graduated cylinder with a certain amount of water.   b**.)** Drop the sample of coal into the cylinder. c**.)** Record the amount of water displaced by your sample. (ml) //To Find Density//**:** Divide mass by unit of volume using the calculator and repeat process for all coal samples. (g/ml3)

**5.)** Point infrared thermometer directly at the center of the piece of coal. 6.) Ignite the sample of coal using pieces of fatwood and matches. 7.) Allow sample to burn for 5 minutes, timing it with the stopwatch 8.) Record the temperature of the coal using the infrared thermometer (after 5 minutes of continuous burning) at 1.5 feet away. 9.) Repeat this process for 4 samples of 4 pieces of bituminous coal, and 4 samples of 4 charcoal bricks

SAME ROUGHLY AS ABOVE, SAME COMMENTS

**Results NEED A TITLE FOR THIS TABLE**

**(grams)** || **Volume** **(milliliters)** || **Density** **(g/ml3)** || **Infrared Radiation** **(Degrees Fahrenheit)** || NEED A GRAPH SHOWING DENSITY VS. TEMPERATURE
 * **Type of Coal** || **Mass**
 * Bituminous #1 || 21 || 20.5 || 1.024 || 550.33 ||
 * Bituminous #2 || 10 || 9.3 || 1.075 || 562.3 ||
 * Bituminous #3 || 9.5 || 8.9 || 1.067 || 558.6 ||
 * Bituminous #4 || 5.1 || 3 || 1.7 || 557.31 ||
 * Bituminous Average || 11.4 || 10.425 || 1.094 || 557.14 ||
 * Charcoal #1 || 39.5 || 43 || .919 || 524.75 ||
 * Charcoal #2 || 43.1 || 40 || 1.078 || 519.25 ||
 * Charcoal #3 || 40.6 || 43.9 || .925 || 504.5 ||
 * Charcoal #4 || 46.5 || 45.6 || .101 || 531 ||
 * Charcoal Average || 42.425 || 43.125 || .984 || 519.75 ||

According to the data collected during the experiment, the greater the density of coal (charcoal and bituminous), the more energy in the form of heat was released. BE MORE QUANTITATIVE, CREATE A GRAPH AND DESCRIBE THE TREND LINE IN UNITS OF TEMP/UNITS OF DENSITY SO THAT YOU CAN SAY: AS DENSITY INCREASES BY 1 G/ML, THE BURNING TEMP INCREASES BY DEGREES.

**Discussion** NEED TO EDIT FOR GRAMMAR! The data collected in this experiment does support the hypothesis that with the denser the sample of coal, the more heat it will exert and therefore having a higher temperature. This was confirmed as the bituminous average density was 1.094g/ml3 with an average temperature of 557.14*F and the Charcoal average density was .984g/ml3 with an average temperature of 519.75*F; thus supporting the hypothesis that with greater density comes greater release of heat. As a result of having a greater density than that of charcoal, the bituminous coal would have more combustible material per sample therefore allowing it to burn more efficiently and with greater heat release CITE SOURCE. However, there are some limitations to this experiment. Because the infrared thermometer could not read exceptionally high temperatures, the coal could only be burned for no more than 5 minutes in order to check the temperatureIS THIS IN YOUR METHODS? I DON'T REMEMBER READING THIS. Due to a shorter ignited period, samples could not reach maximum temperature thus providing a “hazy” picture of density's effects. In order to better experimentation in the future, a high temperature thermometer could be of better use than an infrared thermometer, which would give a clearer “cause and effect” picture. Another part of the experiment that could be improved is the control of oxygen in the ignition location. If a constant oxygenation were provided, then the temperature of the samples of coal would be more accurate because the fire used to ignite them would be at a consistent temperature to start. The data that was collected is beneficial to many organizations and people around the world, because of the way it could affect processes and energy efficiency. First, productions HUH? that use fuel to heat materials, such as water, would want to use higher density combustibles as more heat would be released. Also, people who heat their homes would want higher density fuel to produce greater heat per capita HUH?. Finally, this knowledge could be used in fields wanting to produce high heat, such as in the military.

DISCUSSION STILL NEEDS A LOT OF WORK.

**Citations**

http://www.americaspower.org/ (1) http://www.teachcoal.org/aboutcoal/articles/fastfacts.html (2) http://www.nma.org/statistics/fast_facts.asp (3) http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=coal_home-basics (4)

<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT,serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right;">Julian Burns, Christian Freniere, Liam Muir

<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT,serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right;">5/23/11

<span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT,serif; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right;">Tan

**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Effect of Density on the Energy Release of Coal **


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 10pt;">Introduction **

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Coal is used to create roughly half of the energy used in the United States (4). Coal is a fossil fuel, and is in high demand because of its energy production (3). In fact, over two million acres of mine-land have been reclaimed over the past 25 years for coal mining (2). Coal forms when organic material is buried rapidly, and unable to decompose, thus subjected to great heat and pressure (4). There are 5 different types of coal, which are as followed; peat, brown coal, black coal, anthracite coal, and graphite (4). Peat is a low-value fuel that is generally only used when no other fuel source is available (4). Brown coal is a drier fuel, and emits more energy than peat (4). Black coal is a denser and drier fuel than brown coal, and is utilized as a household fuel-source (4). Anthracite coal is the 'premium' fuel source and is primarily used for home heating, and electric power plants (4). Graphite is not used as fuel, because it is difficult to burn effectively, rendering it an inefficient fuel source (4). Coal has played an essential role since the discovery of its usefulness, fueling historical events such as the industrial revolution (3).With the growing population of the US, and other industrial countries, the demand for coal as a cheap, easy and efficient source of power has grown (3). The US is among some of the world leaders in coal production, as well as coal consumption (1). In fact as of 2010, the US produced approximately 55 million tons of coal, and used about 21 million tons (3). This makes the US a leading producer, as well as consumer, of coal (3). Coal is mined in two different ways; surface mining and underground mining (3). Surface mining is easier, however most of the high-grade coal that our power plants require is underground (4). This is because the more heat and pressure the coal undergoes, the more valuable it becomes as it accumulates greater combustion efficiency, which means that the most valuable coal is often deep underground (2). Each grade of coal has a greater density than the grade before it (4). The higher the density, the higher the burning point of coal and the more valuable the sample will be. **Because of this knowledge, it is expected that Bituminous coal is the more efficient in terms of energy exertion, and that the charcoal is the less efficient, and thus the denser the sample of coal, the more heat it will exert therefore having a higher temperature.**

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">16 Pieces of Bituminous/Smithing Coal
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Materials **

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">16 Charcoal Bricks

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Massing Scale   (grams)

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Graduated Cylinder

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Bucket of Water

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Calculator

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Safe burning environment/Fire Pit

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Infrared thermometer

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Computer Equipped with Excel

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Stopwatch

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Set of Matches


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">Methods **


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">1.) ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Find the density of the samples using this process:

//<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">To Find Mass //**<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">: **<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;"> Mass object on an electronic scale and record. (Grams)

//<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">To Find Volume //**<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">: **

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">a.) Fill a graduated cylinder with a certain amount of water.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">b**.)** Drop the sample of coal into the cylinder.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">c**.)** <span style="font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 26px;">Read at the miniscus to determine the amount of water displaced by the sample.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">d.) Record the amount of water displaced by your sample. (ml)

//<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">To Find Density //**<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">: **<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;"> Divide mass by unit of volume using the calculator and repeat process for all coal samples. (g/ml3)

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Bring materials to the location to burn. Select and set up at a safe burning environment such as a fireplace that is away from any combustible materials (Christian's house)


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">2.) ** Bring materials to the location to burn. Select and set up at a safe burning environment such as a fireplace that is away from any combustible materials. This area should also allow smoke to escape easily. Keep a bucket of water handy in order to prevent an unwanted fire. (Christian's house)


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">3.) **<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;"> Point infrared thermometer directly at the center of the piece of coal.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">4.) Ignite the sample of coal using pieces of fatwood and matches.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">5.) Allow sample to burn for 5 minutes, timing it with the stopwatch.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">6.) Record the temperature of the coal using the infrared thermometer (after 5 minutes of continuous burning) at 1.5 feet away.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">7.) Repeat this process for 4 samples of 4 pieces of bituminous coal, and 4 samples of 4 charcoal bricks.


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Results **

Effect of Density on Energy Output in Terms of Temperature on Coal **(grams)** || **Volume** **(milliliters)** || **Density** **(g/ml3)** || **Infrared Radiation** **(Degrees Fahrenheit)** ||
 * **Type of Coal** || **Mass**
 * Bituminous #1 || 21 || 20.5 || 1.024 || 550.33 ||
 * Bituminous #2 || 10 || 9.3 || 1.075 || 562.3 ||
 * Bituminous #3 || 9.5 || 8.9 || 1.067 || 558.6 ||
 * Bituminous #4 || 5.1 || 3 || 1.7 || 557.31 ||
 * Bituminous Average || 11.4 || 10.425 || 1.094 || 557.14 ||
 * Charcoal #1 || 39.5 || 43 || .919 || 524.75 ||
 * Charcoal #2 || 43.1 || 40 || 1.078 || 519.25 ||
 * Charcoal #3 || 40.6 || 43.9 || .925 || 504.5 ||
 * Charcoal #4 || 46.5 || 45.6 || .101 || 531 ||
 * Charcoal Average || 42.425 || 43.125 || .984 || 519.75 ||







<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">According to the data collected during the experiment, the greater the density of coal (charcoal and bituminous), the more energy in the form of heat was released. Therefore, the bituminous coal exerts more radiation.


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Discussion **

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">The data collected in this experiment does support the hypothesis that with the denser the sample of coal, the more heat it will exert and therefore having a higher temperature. This was confirmed as the bituminous average density was 1.094g/ml3 with an average temperature of 557.14*F and the Charcoal average density was .984g/ml3 with an average temperature of 519.75*F; thus proving that with greater density comes greater release of heat. As a result of having a greater density than that of charcoal, the bituminous coal would have more combustible material per sample and therefore allowing it to burn more efficiently and with greater heat release. However, there are some limitations to this experiment. Because the infrared thermometer could not read exceptionally high temperatures, the coal could only be burned for no more than 5 minutes in order to check the temperature. Due to a shorter ignited period, samples could not reach maximum temperature thus providing a “hazy” picture of density's effects. In order to better experimentation in the future, a high temperature thermometer could be of better use than an infrared thermometer, which would give a clearer “cause and effect” picture. Another part of the experiment that could be improved is the control of oxygen in the ignition location. If a constant oxygenation were provided, then the temperature of the samples of coal would be more accurate because the fire used to ignite them would be at a consistent temperature to start. The data that was collected is beneficial to many organizations and people around the world, because of the way it could affect processes and energy efficiency. First, productions that use fuel to heat materials, such as water, would want to use higher density combustibles as more heat would be released. Also, people who heat their homes would want higher density fuel to produce greater heat per capita. Finally, this knowledge could be used in fields wanting to produce high heat, such as in the military.


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times-Roman,serif; font-size: 13pt;">Citations **

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